Agate - A variety of chalcedony (quartz) that has a variegated color agates are found as ball or almond shaped modules with size ranging from a fraction of an inch to circumference of several yards, more rarely they are found as filling of crevices in volcanic rocks.

Acrylic Jewellery - Articles of contemporary Jewellery made with a PLASTIC material that is used in shed rod or liquid resin form.

Alloy - A mixture of two or more compatible metals.

Alma cline - A variety of Garnet that is transparent & commonly deep crimson with tinges of purple.

Amber – Anamorphous translucent or opaque fossilized natural resin from an extinct variety of pine tree (pinus succinifera) submerged under the sea some 60000000 years ago. It is light in weight warm to the touch very brittle and electrified when rubbed. Its color covers a wide range. Usually from pale yellow and honey to reddish brown, brow. red and almost black, but some is whitish. Some pieces show two colors also. Mostly amber is drop one modular shaped with a homogeneous structure, or has a shell- like formation, often with a weathered crust.
 
Amethyst- Amethyst is the most highly valves stone in the quartz group. That is transparent        and crystalline, usually deep purple to pale bluish-violet, colored.
 
Apatite- A mineral that occasionally produces some crystals that are used as gemstones. It is soft and brittle and therefore seldom used  in jewellery. The colors are varied, including light blue, mauve, yellow, green and blue.
 
Aquamarine - Aquamarine (Latin-water of the sea) is so named because of its sea water color. A dark blue is the most desired color. This gem it a variety    of beryl, that is transparent
 
Armlet - An ornament worn on upper arm, made in various materials, forms and styles in different regions and cultures.
 
Ball-chain – A type of chain composed of small metal balls joined by tiny metal connections.
 
Baguette - Faceted stone in small rectangular shape.
 
Bandeau - A type of head ornament in the form of a narrow band encircling the for head, as worn by medieval Italian women.
 
Band – A ring having same width all over.
 
Ban Delete -  A type of head ornament in the form of a decorated small band or ribbon worn by women in the hair.
 
Bangle - Anon flexible hand ornament (circular or oval) that slips over the hand or is hinged and closed by a clasp.
 
Ba24-Bandh – An article of MUGHAL JEWELLERY in the form of a gold ornament, decorated with enameling and gem stones, that is tied around  the upper arm.
 
Bead – A stone cut into a oblate, cylindrical, polyhedral or irregular shape.
 
Belt Buckle – A type of Buckle for fastening a belt.
 
Beryl – A mineral that includes several varieties of gem stones, especially emerald and Aquamarine, but also several varieties of pale colors.
 
Bezal – A kind of stone setting.
 
Birth stone – A gemstone designated by custom, religious tradition and superstition as being related to the month of one’s birth. In 1939 the National Association of gold smiths of great Britain established a uniform lost worth some alternatives for the more costly stoner as follows:-

January - Garnet
February - Amethyst
March - Aquamarine (Blood stone)
April - Diamond (rock crystal)
May - Emerald (chrysopprase)
June - Pearl (moonstone)
July - Ruby (cornelian or onyx)
August - Peridol
September - Sapphire (lapislaruli)
October - Opal tourmaline
November - Topar (citrine)
December - turquoise

Black Pearl - A pearl of blackish gun metal color one of the most valuable varieties.
 
Black star of Africa - A so called black diamond of 202 carats, found in Zaire (Congo). It is       
one of the famous diamonds of the world.
 
Blood Stone – Green colored opique gem with red spots.
 
Blue Diamond of the Crown – This blue diamond was found in the Kollur mine near Golconda in Southern India weighting 112 3/16 and Indian cut
 
Blue heart Diamond – Indian cut deep-blue diamond weighing 112.50 carats rough.
 
Bloom - Famous Indian Jewellery design magazine with lots of information related to Jewellery gems diamond, etc
 
Bracelet -  An ornament worn on the wrist or forearm as a flexible band or series of links, in contrast to a BANGLE, which is rigid. Such ornaments have been worn by men as well as women.
 
Brass  - An alloy of copper and zinc, in varying proportions.
 
Bridal Crown - A type of crown worn by a bride at the wedding ceremony.
 
Brilliant Cut - the style of cu ting diamond or other gem, having 57 facets that are mathematically devised produce the brilliance.

Brooch - An ornamental clasp having on attached pin for affixing it to a garment, Hat ,Hood , Turban or Sleeve, Sarees, suit as a fastener or as a decorative piece.
 
Bruting -   The process of roughly shaping a diamond or other transparent gemstone.
 
Burma Ruby - A variety of ruby from Burma.

Cabachon - A stone cut with a smooth  rounded  surface, Highly polished but without facets.

Carat - The unit of weight for a diamond &other gemstones.

Carnetion  - One kind of semiprecious stone

Cartier - A leading French Jewllery firm
Carving - A process of decorating metal or a gemstone by cutting it to produce  an artistic pattern.

Casting - The process of shaping metal objects by pouring molten metal into a  hollow mould which has been made from a model of the desired article.

Cat’s Eye - A general term of several varieties of gemstones that when suitably cut EN CABOCHON and viewed in a certain direction and light, show CHATOYANCY resembling a moving streak of light as seen in a cat’s eye.
 
Chalcedony - The cryptocrystalline varieties of quartz that is usually pale blue or gray uniform in tint , but some varieties of which have varicolored internal bonds or marking
.
Chandelier Ear Ring - A type of ear-ring with long dangles.
 
Channel Setting – A style of setting in a Jewellery to secure a single raw of gemstones or diamonds of different shapes, made of two bands bridged together to secure the stone between them.
 
Choker -  A short narrow necklace that worn close to a woman’s throat.
 
Chrysobery - A variety of gemstone that is characteristically yellow but vatic, from golden yellow and brown to yellowish green or bluish green.
 
Cleaving - The technique a rough diamond along a cleavage plane before bruting and faceting.
 
Collet - A circular band or metal in which a gemstone is set.
 
Citrine - Citrine is light yellow to dark yellow and brown colored gem.
 
Coral  - The coral used as gem material is a branching skeleton like structure built by small marine animals (coral polyps) related to reef forming corals. The coral is one of the precious stones.
 
Colored Stones - Colored stones is a trade term for all gemstones except diamond.( even those that are colorless).
 
Costume Jewellery –
 
Cubic Zirconia – A synthetic gemstone that is a stimulant for a diamond in short form it’s called “c.z.”
 
Cuff Link - A device that is employed to join temporarily the two ends of a cuff around the wearer’s wrist without overlapping the cuff ends being inserted through two buttonholes.
 
 Roush diamond—
 
Gemology - Internationally, the science of gemstone is most commonly referred to as gemology.
 
Colored Stone - colored stone is a trade term for all gemstones except diamonds. (Even these are colorless.)
 
Rock - With regard to gems, a rock is a natural aggregate of two or more minerals. Lapis Lapuli is an example of a gem that is classified as a rock.
 
Jewel -  Every individual ornamental piece is a jewel. Generally jewel refers to a piece of Jewellery containing one as more gems let in precious metal, sometimes, it can also refer to cut, unset gemstone.
 
Mineral -  A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid constituent of the earth’s crust.
 
Mineralogy - Mineralogy is the science of minerals.
 
Crystallography - Crystallography is the science of crystals.
 
Petrology – Petrology is the science of origin, history, occurrence, structure, chemical composition classification of rocks,
 
Synthesis - Short term for a synthetic stones.
 
Synthetic Stone - synthetic gems stones are crystallized manmade products whose physical and chemical properties for the most part correspond to those of their natural gemstone counterparts.
 
Casting -
 
Enameling -
 
Engraving -
 
Nizam Jewllery -  reputed to be one of the world’s most magnificent collections of Jewellery, owned by Nizam of Hyderabad (1977)
 
Jaday Ornaments -
 
Kundan Jewellery -
 
 

Chemical Composition, Coal, Graphite, diamond etc. are different forms of carbon.
 
Coal - Coal is a black, hard, shine less object; It is prepared by burning of wood or dug up from mines .Various machines are driven by its energy.
 
Graphite - Graphite is a black, smooth object with shining surface. It is used in pencils in machines as a lubricating agent.
 
Diamond - It is a hard, shining and smooth surfaced gem.. Carbon atoms prepare a web in the structure of diamond. Each carbon atom jointed with four atoms. Because of this structure of atoms, diamond has acquired maximum hardness among the element.

Diamonds are got from mine, bank of river and sea. Diamonds are found in various countries like India, Australia, Brazil, Borneo, Russia, South Africa act. In India diamonds are also found on the bank of a river in Orissa state.
 
Diamond is a brilliant object. Put a diamond in a test tube and absorb air from it. Then pass the electricity through it. After this process, Diamond generates too much light. By it, a person can read a book easily.
 
Specifications of Diamond

Specific Gravity -  Specific gravity is a number which defines the quality of a diamond . Smoothness of surface and hardness are go with this number. Generally higher quality diamonds define 3.506 to 3.560 numbers of specific gravity.
 
Hardness -  A major specification of a diamond is it’s hardness. It is the hardest element in the universe.
 

Manufacturing Process

Bruiting -  After cleaving ,sawing etc rough diamond becomes makable. Now a rough shape is given to this rough diamond. This process is known as bruiting.
 
Polishing -  Now facets are made on the rough shaped diamond. This is polishing process.

Cullinan Diamond – The largest diamond ever found was 3106 carats in the rough and originally weighted just under one and a half pound. The cullinan was cut into 9 major stones and 96 smaller stones.
 
Cultured Pearl – A variety of pearl that is created by a mollusc in the some manner as a natural pearl except that the process is stimulated by the human insert ion into the shell of a grain of a sand a bead a peace of mantle tissue or other irritant that becomes the nucleus of the pearl when encased in many years of Nacre.
 
Cut - The final form into which a rough gemstone is shaped.
 
Cutting - The process and art of shaping a precious stones 2 other gemstone by severing part of it form its original form (after Bruiting) so as to enhance its brilliancy.
 
Darya-i-nur (iran) Diamond - The world’s largest pink diamond, now in the crown Jewels at Tehran. It is a rectangular step cut stone, pale pink , measuring 3.75*2.5 cm , and weighting 182 carats.
 
Designer-
 
Diamond – A precious stone that is pure nation crystallized carbon, highly valued, especially when from flaws and cut into various forms with differently shaped facets of variable numbers and positions and consequently showing great brilliance and prismatic colors. It is the  ardest substance known, being rated 10on the moh’s SCALE, hence it can be cut or faceted only with another diamond or diamond powder.
                                                                       
Diamond color Grading -
 
Diamond color - The rang of colors found in natural untreated diamonds, due possibly to defects in the atomic lattice of the atone rather than to traces of minerals, Completely colorless stones are extremely rare and valuable , and  most stone used in Jewellery are tinged from white to bluish to shades of yellow or brown.
 
Diamond Cutting - The process of altering the shape  and surface of a diamond from its original crude from to a finished stone with facets selected to provide maximum brilliance and with the least waste of material .

Several steps are required :

(1) CLEAVING,
(2) BRUTING
(3)GRINDING.
 
Diamond Gauge -  An instrument for estimating the weight of a diamond in a setting 

Drop pearl - A type of pearl that is drop shaped.
 
Ear ornaments - An ornaments of various forms and styles worn on the ear including the ear-screw, ear spool, ear stuff, full ear chain etc.
 
Embossing - A technique of producing relief decoration by raising the surface of thin metal from the reverse to form the design.
 
Emerald -
 
Emerald Cut  - The style of stone cutting.
 
Enamel - A pigment of vitreous nature composed usually of powdered potash and silica, bound with oil, colored with metallic oxides and applied to porcelain, gold , silver, copper, glass etc. as a surface decoration by low temperature firing.
 
Enameling - The technique of decorating various materials e.g.—gold, silver, copper etc—by the use of enamel, on the surface to paint scene, figures etc.
 
Engagement Ring - A finger ring of no generally accepted form that given by a man to his fiancé as a token of marriage engagement. In recent years rings have normally been set with a diamond as a solitaire, of varying sizes, cuts, styles and cost.
 
Faced - One of the small, plane surface of a cut diamond or gemstone.
 
Face - A place, such as those that bound a crystal in its natural state, as distinguished from a man – made facet.
 
Faceted Girdle - The girdle of a diamond on which a band of small facets has been cut to increase the brilliance.
 
Faceting  - The process of cutting a diamond or other gemstone, so as to have its surface completely covered with facets.
 
Fancy Diamond - A diamond of one of various pronounced colors.
 
Famous Diamonds -
 
Filigree -  A type of decoration on metal ware made by use of fine wire, plain, twisted or plaited.
 
Fresh Water Pearl  - A variety of pearl produced several types of fresh water moll uses.
 
Gallery - A strip of metal that is pierced with a continuing pattern often framing vertical lozenge- shaped openings within an upper an lower band.
 
Garnet - A group of minerals that includes six main varieties being so close as to be difficult to differentiate. The traditional color is dark real, but the stones are found on many colors and shades, depending on the chemical composition. The principal varieties are: Grossullar (Hessonite, rosolite), Pyrope (Rhodolite), Almandine, Andradite  (demntoid, melanetc; Topazolite), spessartite and uvarovite.
 
Gem - A gemstone, pearl or organic or non organic substance that has intrinsic rare based on its rarity , quality, size, durability and beauty.
 
Gemstone - Any mineral that is composed of crystallized matter and the atoms of which are regularly arranged throughout the structure, this including the approximately 100 principal mineral species used in Jewllery, e.g.:- all precious stones and also other stones formerly referred to as semi- precious stone and also other which is non-crystalline, but excluding all types of glass & plastics.
 
Glding - The process to overlaying or covering any metal or wood.
 
Girdle - The thin band that forms the widest circumference of a brilliant and that separates the crown above it from the pavilion below .
 
Girdle Facet - One of the facets that extend along the girdle of a faceted Gemstone .
 
Gold - A metallic element that is vary heavy , the most malleable and ductile of  all metals and unalterable by heat, moisture and most cossorive agents. Pure gold is too soft for practicable uses, but as an alloy with silver, copper or other metals if serves ordinary purposes as Jewllery or coins.
 
Gold Nugget - A lump of native gold in the from of a water-worn mass washed from the rock –bed and deposited in a river or stream, usually weighing from 20 grams to so kilograms.
 
Graim - A unit of weight for pearls, equal to ¼ of a carat.
 
Great Mogul Diamond - A famous diamond that is said to have been found in the Kollur Mine near Golconda, southern India, in 1650or earlier, and presented to Shah Jehan , the Great mogul, emperor of India.
 
Great Southern Cross - A group of large pearls naturally joined together in the form of a cross. It has been suggested that originally there were 8 and that the ninth has been attached to make the group symmetrical. It is rare to find a large group symmetrical. It is rare to find a large group.
 
Grinding - The technique of cutting a diamond or other gems so as to give it final shape after Bruiting  and the desired facets.
 
Hair Ornament - Any of various types of ornaments worn in the hair by man and woman of the western and eastern world.
 
Hallmark - The mark tamped on articles of gold or silver to attest the purity of the metal in compliance with legally established standards and other relevant data.
 
Hardness - The power of a gem stone, mineral, glass or other hard object to resist being abraded.
 
Heat Treatment - The process of changing or eliminating the color of a natural gemstone or a synthetic stone by the application of controlled heat due to a rearrangement of the atoms of the tinetorial agent.
 
Hessonite - A sub- variety of grossular. It is transparent and brownish—yellow to yellow- orange in colour.
 
Hoop - The band of a finger ring that encircles the finger .also called the “shank”.
 
Hoop Earring - A type of earring in the form of a curved wire or band that extends somewhat like a hoop below the lobe and from which was suspended some type of pan dent.
 
Hope Diamond - A famous diamond, named after lord Henry Philip hope, that is of rare deep –blue color, cushion- shaped and of mixed cut and weighing 45.52 carats.
 
Hope Pearl - The largest known pearl of modern times.
 
Idol’s Eye Diamond - A diamond found at the Golconda mine in India, c.1600, so named as it is said to have been set in the idol’s eye in an Indian temple. It is pear- shaped and of affine blue white color, weighing 70.20 carats.
 
Imitation Gemstone - An artificial stone that is man –made to imitate , often by its color, the appearance of a natural gemstone , but having wholly different physical characteristics as well as different chemical composition, and hence also distinct from a synthetic gemstone .
 
Imitation or Artificial Pearl - An Artificial man- made imitation (produced by several methods) of a natural pearl or of a cultured pearl.
 
Imperial Diamond  - A large south African diamond that is said possibly to have been smuggled into London from cape town in 1884 .
 
Inclusion -
              
Indian Jewellery - Articles of Jewellery made in India, known from recorded example from as early as c.2500 B.C. and from find at taxila from the 5th century showing Hellenistic and Parthian influence .
 
Iolite - A mineral from which is derived a gemstone of various shades of blue.
 
Ivory - A hard creamy-white, opaque dentine that forms the tusk of elephants and some other mammals.
 
Jade –
 
Jaipur Jewellery - Articles of Jewellery made in Jaipur State Rajathan India. The articles are made of gold and include flexible collars, necklaces composed of many suspended pan dents, brooches with a suspended pan dent and enameled bangles. The ornaments are usually decorate in the front with uncut diamonds with gemstones and on the back are traditionally decorated with floral designs in different colored enamel.
 
Koh-I-Noor –(Koh-I-Nur or Kohinoor) Diamond - One of the worlds most famous (although not the largest or finest)Diamonds, weighing-186 carats until recut in 1852 to its present weight of 108.93carats. according to Indian legend, its origin dates back some 5000 years to ancient India and its early history , prior to recent research , was the subject to conflicting writings. Formerly it was generally accepted that it was the same diamond that had been in the possession of sultan Babar (1480-1530),founder of the Mughal empire in India (having been taken in 1304 from Al-in- din, Rajoh of Malwi-1288-1321), and then known as Baber’s  Diamond ‘, and that was inherited by his son ,Humayun and later given, c.1544, to shah Jehan , Mughal emperor pf India-1627-58.
 
Lapis lazuli -  A gem stone that is massive, typically of a deep-blue color and opeqre, but sometimes with molting of white.
 
Luster - The appearance of the smooth surface of a mineral or some other substances due to the reflection which results from lislit striking the.
 
Mabe Pearl  - An early type of cultured pearl. Produced c.1896 by kakichi mikimoto.